Inside Bitcoin's bull run
On February 19, Bitcoin's market cap exceeded $1 trillion as prices approached $55,000. From Wall Street to the global picture, understand the forces at work with our special report on Bitcoin's latest bull run.

更新于 2021 年 2 月 19 日
就在两周前,我们就比特币当前的牛市发表了一篇全面的特别报道。这两周发生了很多事。如今,比特币创下了近 5.5 万美元的历史新高,推动这种初始加密货币的总市值超过 1 万亿美元。 2 月 8 日,通过美国证券交易委员会 (SEC) 的一份文件,特斯拉披露了一笔 15 亿美元的比特币投资,并表示将开始接受以加密货币支付其汽车的费用。(此前,特斯拉创始人 Elon Musk 在前一周的 memstock 狂潮中短暂地将自己的推特个人简介更改为“#bitcoin”。)
曾引发当前牛市的上市公司 MicroStrategy(以下可阅读更多内容) 举办了一场名为“企业比特币” (Bitcoin for companies) 的活动,有来自各大公司的约 1400 名代表参加。
还有更多重要新闻。Visa 和 Mastercard 宣布其网络将开始接受加密货币。摩根士丹利 (Morgan Stanley) 和纽约银行 (Bank of New York Mellon Corp .) (全国最古老的银行,计划为其客户持有和转移加密货币)等老牌公司披露了新的比特币计划,用《华尔街日报》的话说,这表明传统金融巨头“对这种一度处于边缘地位的数字货币有了更广泛的接受”。
因此,在阅读以下内容时,请牢记所有这些新发展,它解释了比特币如何走到现在,以及下一步的发展趋势。
发布于 2021 年 1 月 29 日
2020 年末,在圣诞节和新年之间通常平静的一周内,纽约一家大型对冲基金经理成为了整个加密世界的头条新闻。他宣称,到 2021 年,比特币将达到 5 万美元。对许多观察者来说,这是一个令人难以置信的高数字。毕竟,在比特币 12 年的历史中,它甚至还未达到一半。
但是,华尔街及其他地区越来越多的投资者感到乐观。自 10 月份以来,其价格一直稳步上涨,但在包括疫情和总统选举在内的新闻周期中并未引起太多关注。12 月 16 日,其价值突破 2 万美元大关,打破了 2017 年底创下的历史最高纪录。然后它一直在攀升。在不到一个月的时间里,价格上涨了一倍多,并在 2021 年 1 月 8 日达到近 4.2 万美元的新高。
上一次比特币牛市发生在 2017 年末,主要是由个人推动的。这一次,它是由来自华尔街和其他地方的资金所推动。Square 和 MicroStrategy 等公开交易公司押宝比特币;专注于加密货币的资金已启动并增长;新的基础架构(包括Coinbase Institutional )使购买和存储加密货币成为企业的可行之路。
因此,随着 2020 年慢慢过去进入 2021 年,个人交易员和机构巨头都在考虑可能的结果。比特币是否会遵循其旧的兴衰模式?或者这次有所不同?
A tale of two bull runs

任何在 2017 年 12 月持有比特币的人都记得,峰值是短暂的。前一分钟,名人们还在推特上发布比特币表情包,世界上的每家报纸都试图向读者解释加密货币。接下来,价格下跌,(在 1 月份短暂反弹后)在 2018 年秋季跌至 3600 美元左右的谷底。
至少在 2021 年 1 月底,始于 2020 年 10 月的牛市在某些关键方面看起来有所不同。在整个 11 月和 12 月稳步攀升后,价格在 2021 年的头几周出现飙升,首次突破 4 万美元(不是 5 万美元,但比许多人预计的更接近)。
然而,在价格见顶后的几周内,市场出现了波动。1 月 8 日,比特币单日跌幅近 30%,但第二天又出现反弹。虽然投资者和经济学家对于比特币是否正在走向泡沫,或者这只是更大事件的开始存在分歧,但主流观点仍然存在。自 2020 年初以来,比特币是增长最快的资产之一,在 2020 年 1 月 1 日至 2021 年 1 月 27 日期间上涨了近 338%。截至 2021 年 1 月 27 日,比特币的市值超过了大型银行,并接近世界上最大的科技公司的价值,成为世界上第 12 大最有价值的资产。
When Wall Street met crypto
如果您想了解比特币的价值如何以如此之快的速度增长,可参考一些显著方面。其中一个是灰度比特币信托 (GBTC),这是一种公开交易的基金,使股票市场投资者无需持有比特币便可接触比特币。该基金购买比特币,而投资者购买该基金的股票。
随着比特币的攀升,GBTC 也随之攀升。该基金管理的资产价值从 2019 年 12 月的约 20 亿美元增长到一年后的 150 多亿美元。
Another place to look for clues is a tech company that, unless you’ve been following Bitcoin’s rally, you probably haven’t heard of. MicroStrategy is a publicly traded business analytics firm based in Virginia that began to make a major bet on crypto in August 2020, eventually acquiring more than 70,000 bitcoin at an average price of $15,964. By January 2020, MicroStrategy’s Bitcoin holdings were worth well over $2 billion. “I didn’t buy it to sell it.” CEO Michael Saylor said in November. “Ever.”
Until recently, the conventional wisdom on Wall Street had been that Bitcoin wasn’t worth the trouble. Infrastructure around huge crypto investments wasn’t considered robust enough — and even if you were able to safely acquire a large amount of Bitcoin, you’d have to figure out how to store it. But that had begun to change. And as prices surged, clarity from regulators and new paths for corporations to invest have resulted in firm after firm warming to crypto. Throughout the fall and into the new year, news around institutional investment seemed to break on a near daily cadence.
In October 2020, payment processor Square (which offers Bitcoin trading through its Cash App) published a Bitcoin Investment Whitepaper, explaining the process behind their purchase of 4,709 bitcoin at an aggregate price of $50 million.
In November, PayPal began offering limited Bitcoin trading to U.S. account holders, with plans to roll it out to all 350 million-plus users worldwide. Also that month, real estate billionaire Ricardo Salinas, Mexico’s third-wealthiest person, invested 10% of his liquid portfolio into Bitcoin.
Global banks including DBS, Standard Chartered, and Northern Trust began offering Bitcoin trading or custody services in December. Fidelity — the first traditional firm to embrace crypto — reported that its Bitcoin custody business has been “incredibly successful.”
In December, a Connecticut-based fund called One River Digital Asset Management announced commitments that would “bring its holdings of Bitcoin and Ether to about $1 billion as of early 2021.”
Also in December, New York-based hedge fund Guggenheim Partners disclosed in regulatory filing plans to invest up to $530 million in the Grayscale Bitcoin Trust. Not long after, MassMutual, one of the world’s oldest insurance firms, purchased $100 million worth of Bitcoin.
As another indication of increasing corporate interest, the number of regulatory filings mentioning Bitcoin grew for the third year in a row.
Bitcoin vs. inflation
在 2020 年期间,越来越多的华尔街大佬开始将比特币加入其投资组合。他们的总体观点在 Paul Tudor Jones 今年5月发表的一份报告中得到了印证,该报告推测,随着美国和国外的央行增加债务和流通货币,以努力在新冠疫情期间稳定经济,比特币将继续升值。这些投资者相信,其结果将加速包括美元在内的法定货币的通胀,使比特币(其设计初衷是抵御通胀)成为一种有用的对冲工具。
Tudor Jones 写道:“我们正目睹各种货币形式前所未有的扩张,这在发达国家前所未见。”“(比特币)实际上是世界上唯一具有固定最大供应量的大型可交易资产。”(永远不会超过 2100 万个比特币。)
琼斯的对冲基金亿万富翁、前比特币怀疑论者 Stanley Druckenmiller 用比特币增加了其黄金持有量。他说:“对比特币的押注效果可能会更好。”“随着时间的流逝,它作为品牌的稳定性越来越强。”
Bill Miller 以关注被低估资产、寻求长期收益而闻名,他在最近的投资者信中指出,比特币在过去 10 年里的表现超过了所有主要资产类别。他写道:“其市值超过了摩根大通 (JP Morgan) 和伯克希尔·哈撒韦公司 (Berkshire Hathaway)。”“然而,它仍处于采用周期的早期阶段。”
Miller 还指出了另一个关键趋势:包括上述提到的 Square、MassMutual 和 MicroStrategy 在内的公司纷纷将现金从资产负债表中转移到比特币,而不是眼睁睁地看到资金因通货膨胀而贬值。
!["[Bitcoin's] market capitalization is greater than JP Morgan and Berkshire Hathaway. And yet it is still very early in its adoption cycle." -value investor Bill Miller](http://images.ctfassets.net/q5ulk4bp65r7/6zjz2eMezqr2Ime0vv6Vqr/db3a4271afc60aa2e05767ca7b508600/Group_31612547__1_.png?w=1180&fm=png)
The global picture
比特币在世界各地某些地区的潜在利益比在华尔街更加明显地吸引了人们的注意力。要了解比特币作为一种全球价值储存工具的功能,可以看看它相对于主要货币的表现。比特币的最大涨幅是相对于高度通货膨胀的发展中国家货币:墨西哥比索 (MXN)、尼日利亚奈拉 (NGN)、南非兰特 (ZAR)、土耳其里拉 (TRY)、巴西雷亚尔 (BRL) 和阿根廷比索 (ARS)。
A recent survey of internet users between the ages of 16 and 65 (conducted by consumer-data research firm Global Web Index) showed that respondents in developing economies have some of the highest cryptocurrency adoption rates in the world.
Likewise, many of the same countries’ currencies — including the Nigerian naira, the South African rand, and the Argentine peso — saw surging Bitcoin volume on peer-to-peer exchanges (which allow users to trade directly with each other).
Of course, Bitcoin’s global potential in an inflationary world isn’t lost on the Wall Street funds that have increased their positions during the bull run. In a recent investment deck, the Skybridge Bitcoin Fund (which recently invested $182 million into Bitcoin) noted Bitcoin’s global potential as a major factor around its potential growth: “While Americans take U.S. dollar stability for granted, most people throughout the globe confront or have confronted massive currency collapses.”

What comes next?
当然,这是一个无法回答的问题。我们在 1 月份看到的波动会像滚雪球一样滑向更大的谷底吗?
最近一项针对基金经理的调查发现,超过半数的基金经理都经历了某种程度的泡沫焦虑。尽管最近人们都在谈论比特币将取代黄金而成为一种持久的财富储存方式,但很难想象大多数人都能适应每天近 30% 的波动。或者正如摩根大通 (JP Morgan) 分析师在 1 月 5 日所言,“比特币的波动性需要大幅下降,其市值才能与黄金相当。”
这并不是说没有足够的证据支持乐观主义者,包括英国央行 (Bank of England) 的一份工作报告指出了随着比特币成熟而波动性可能下降的许多情况,包括现金结算期货和闪电网络的增长,闪电网络允许低至一个中本聪 (00000001 BTC) 交易额。
比特币协议也在不断发展壮大,网络上的节点数量在 12 月创下了两年来的新高。截至 2021 年 1 月,全球超过 96 个国家/地区中都有节点,这使得区块链对任何政府或其他实体的审查计划具有高度抵抗力。
The Bitcoin ecosystem has at least 70% more developers than it did three years ago, while the average number of active addresses on the network has reached all-time highs.
News around institutional investors embracing Bitcoin has continued to emerge. In late January, the Bank of Singapore issued a report which pointed to the cryptocurrency’s potential as an inflation-resistant rival for gold. The same week, Bridgewater Associates founder Ray Dalio described Bitcoin as an increasingly viable alternative to gold (and as “one hell of an invention”).
And if you want to know what Wall Street thinks, you can always look to the futures markets. Open interest for cash-settled Bitcoin futures on the CME have recently peaked above $2 billion.
Whatever happens with Bitcoin’s price in the near term, the era when crypto was dismissed by Wall Street appears to be gone. In the third week of January, BlackRock — the world’s largest asset manager — announced that two of its funds can now trade in Bitcoin futures. Noting strong customer demand, chief investment officer Rick Rieder said, “It’s going to be part of the asset suite for investors for a long time."
!["[Bitcoin] is going to be part of the asset suite for investors for a long time." - BlackRock CIO, Rick Reider](http://images.ctfassets.net/q5ulk4bp65r7/1kqKfJispTHOzlG4U2vEbK/dfc1909ef9391368126a8c061ffadb65/Group_31612547__2_.png?w=1180&fm=png)