{"id":141829,"date":"2025-09-18T11:04:02","date_gmt":"2025-09-18T11:04:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cryptonews.com\/vn\/?post_type=academy&p=141829\/"},"modified":"2025-10-23T15:05:50","modified_gmt":"2025-10-23T15:05:50","slug":"what-is-proof-of-work","status":"publish","type":"academy","link":"https:\/\/cryptonews.com\/vn\/academy\/what-is-proof-of-work\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c (PoW) l\u00e0 g\u00ec trong gi\u1edbi crypto?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Proof-of-Work (PoW)<\/strong>, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1i kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Bitcoin. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng hay gian l\u1eadn tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi Bitcoin c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec k\u1ebb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u01a1n 50% s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi.<\/p>

Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u00f9ng nhau kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 PoW, t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 n\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i cho Bitcoin.<\/p>

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Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n PoW l\u00e0 g\u00ec<\/h2>\n

<\/span>
\nC\u01a1 b\u1ea3n th\u00ec PoW gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u00e0 Bitcoin.<\/p>\n

Trong tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c “th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e0o” Bitcoin tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n cho m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i to\u00e1n m\u1eadt m\u00e3. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u00e1p \u00e1n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u00eam m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i giao d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi v\u00e0o blockchain Bitcoin v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 Bitcoin m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra.<\/p>\n

C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf PoW n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a gi\u00fap Bitcoin lu\u00f4n phi t\u1eadp trung. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi, b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ecdi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1 th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c gian l\u1eadn hay t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi Bitcoin c\u0169ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec k\u1ebb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u01a1n 50% s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi.<\/p>\n

\"Gi\u1ea3i<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n, h\u00e3y so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Khi b\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ec1n cho ai \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung gian, x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi Bitcoin, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng hay b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u00ean th\u1ee9 ba n\u00e0o can thi\u1ec7p. C\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1eadn tr\u00ean blockchain th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e0o, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf PoW.<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 PoW mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho Bitcoin, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o Bitcoin ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd giao d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Bitcoin c\u0169ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf do th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c b\u00e0i to\u00e1n m\u1eadt m\u00e3.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, PoW v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf quan tr\u1ecdng gi\u00fap Bitcoin duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh phi t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 blockchain v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh m\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai. Nhi\u1ec1u ICO coin t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t<\/a> hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf PoW nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>

Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a PoW<\/h2>

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\nC\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 Proof of Work (PoW), hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990, m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u00e0 internet m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 ch\u1eadp ch\u1eefng nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.<\/p>

V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, th\u01b0 r\u00e1c (spam) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n nh\u1ee9c nh\u1ed1i, g\u00e2y phi\u1ec1n to\u00e1i v\u00e0 l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Hai nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Cynthia Dwork v\u00e0 Moni Naor \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 PoW nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng.<\/p>

PoW gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda c\u00f3 kh\u00f3a m\u1eadt m\u00e3, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda n\u00e0y r\u1ed3i g\u1eedi email, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i to\u00e1n t\u00ednh to\u00e1n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c g\u1eedi h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t email r\u00e1c tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ed1ng th\u01b0 r\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>

\"Ngu\u1ed3n<\/p>

Tuy nhi\u00ean, PoW kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ed1ng th\u01b0 r\u00e1c. N\u0103m 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto, cha \u0111\u1ebb b\u00ed \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a Bitcoin, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a PoW v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 blockchain. Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Bitcoin, PoW kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda ch\u1ed1ng th\u01b0 r\u00e1c, m\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 an ninh c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/p>

C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n, PoW y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c “th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e0o” Bitcoin ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea1nh tranh nhau \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i to\u00e1n m\u1eadt m\u00e3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u00eam m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i giao d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi v\u00e0o blockchain v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 Bitcoin. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng hay gian l\u1eadn m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi.<\/p>

K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi Bitcoin ra \u0111\u1eddi, nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Proof-of-Stake (PoS). Tuy nhi\u00ean, PoW v\u1eabn l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u cho Bitcoin, b\u1edfi n\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 phi t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 an ninh cao nh\u1ea5t. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, PoW v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Bitcoin, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a top token BRC-20 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t<\/a> n\u00e0y.<\/p>

PoW ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ra sao?<\/h2>

<\/span>
\n\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch PoW ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, h\u00e3y c\u00f9ng ch\u00fang ta h\u00ecnh dung m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua \u0111\u1ea7y k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e0o Bitcoin tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i to\u00e1n m\u1eadt m\u00e3 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng l\u00e0 Bitcoin m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n th\u00eam m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i giao d\u1ecbch m\u1edbi v\u00e0o blockchain.<\/p>

M\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i giao d\u1ecbch gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trang nh\u1eadt k\u00fd ghi l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch Bitcoin di\u1ec5n ra trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng trang nh\u1eadt k\u00fd n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c minh v\u00e0 “ni\u00eam phong” b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e0o.<\/p>

\"PoW<\/p>

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e1c minh n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>

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