{"id":152492,"date":"2021-04-09T18:00:51","date_gmt":"2021-04-09T12:30:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/?p=152492"},"modified":"2024-01-30T03:03:26","modified_gmt":"2024-01-29T21:33:26","slug":"ripples-latest-initiative-may-help-it-boost-enviromental-sustainability","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/ripples-latest-initiative-may-help-it-boost-enviromental-sustainability\/","title":{"rendered":"Ripple’s latest initiative may help it boost environmental sustainability"},"content":{"rendered":"

The surging demand for cryptocurrencies and accelerating adoption of blockchain-based solutions have highlighted a critical issue: the technology’s growing energy consumption and its impact on our climate.<\/p>\n

A new private-sector initiative known as the Crypto Climate Accord<\/a> was recently launched to make the cryptocurrency industry greener, led by the decentralized blockchain-based energy market, Energy Web, in partnership with RMI and Alliance for Innovative Regulation. The initiative aims to make the cryptocurrency industry fully renewable by 2030, or sooner. Inspired by the Paris Climate Agreement<\/a>, the agreement plans to bring together the crypto and financial technology industry to build sustainable infrastructure.<\/p>\n

The most recent inductee<\/a> to join this accord<\/a> was\u00a0Ripple.<\/p>\n

“Today, we\u2019re excited to announce the next step in Ripple\u2019s sustainability journey: our commitment to the Crypto Climate Accord<\/a>(CCA) \u2014 a new initiative organized by EW, RMI, and the Alliance for Innovation Regulation (AIR) to make the cryptocurrency industry 100% renewable.”<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Ripple joined along with over 20 supporters across different industries and blockchains, including the United Nations, CoinShares, Compass Mining, the XRP Ledger Foundation, and ConsenSys.<\/p>\n

What’s interesting to note here is, this wasn’t Ripple’s first shot at maintaining sustainability. The previous year, the San Francisco-based blockchain firm,\u00a0partnered with Energy Web (EW) and the Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) to decarbonize public blockchains.<\/p>\n

On the contrary, cryptocurrencies have a bad reputation when it comes to energy usage especially Bitcoin.<\/p>\n

According to this recent report,<\/a> the Ethereum network consumes around 33.6 terawatt-hours of electricity per year when measured, on par with a small country like Denmark. This represents about a third of the estimated 95 TWh per year consumed by the Bitcoin network.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Source: Digiconomist<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Furthermore, Ripple CEO Brad Garlinghouse criticized<\/a> Bitcoin’s resource-intensive mining nature. He said,<\/a><\/p>\n

“As Bitcoin\u2019s price goes up, the energy consumption, the carbon footprint of PoW mining that happens to validate transactions, continues to scale aggressively. 1 Bitcoin transaction is equivalent to 75G of gasoline being burnt.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Philanthropist Bill Gates was also one of the skeptics, with the computer pioneer recently commenting,<\/a><\/p>\n

\u201cI\u2019m not a fan of Bitcoin specifically because of all the energy it uses.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The surging demand for cryptocurrencies and accelerating adoption of blockchain-based solutions have highlighted a critical issue: the technology’s growing energy consumption and its impact on our climate. A new private-sector initiative known as the Crypto Climate Accord was recently launched to make the cryptocurrency industry greener, led by the decentralized blockchain-based energy market, Energy Web,Continue reading “Ripple’s latest initiative may help it boost environmental sustainability”<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":68,"featured_media":66484,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[35,32,66,3,55],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-152492","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-bitcoin-news","category-ethereum-news","category-new-news","category-news","category-xrp-ripple-news"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nRipple's latest initiative may help it boost environmental sustainability - AMBCrypto<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The surging demand for cryptocurrencies and accelerating adoption of blockchain-based solutions have highlighted a critical issue: the technology's growing energy consumption and its impact on our climate.\u00a0\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/ripples-latest-initiative-may-help-it-boost-enviromental-sustainability\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ripple's latest initiative may help it boost environmental sustainability - AMBCrypto\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The surging demand for cryptocurrencies and accelerating adoption of blockchain-based solutions have highlighted a critical issue: the technology's\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/ripples-latest-initiative-may-help-it-boost-enviromental-sustainability\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"AMBCrypto\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/cryptoamb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-04-09T12:30:51+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-01-29T21:33:26+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/isar-e1549890701622.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"900\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Shubham Pandey\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@https:\/\/twitter.com\/crypto_shubham\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@CryptoAmb\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Shubham Pandey\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"NewsArticle\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/ripples-latest-initiative-may-help-it-boost-enviromental-sustainability\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/ripples-latest-initiative-may-help-it-boost-enviromental-sustainability\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Shubham Pandey\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/7710783316829dfc843195d4eafda9e4\"},\"headline\":\"Ripple’s latest initiative may help it boost environmental sustainability\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-04-09T12:30:51+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-01-29T21:33:26+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/ripples-latest-initiative-may-help-it-boost-enviromental-sustainability\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":372,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/ripples-latest-initiative-may-help-it-boost-enviromental-sustainability\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/02\\\/isar-e1549890701622.jpg\",\"articleSection\":[\"Bitcoin\",\"Ethereum\",\"News\",\"News 1\",\"Ripple\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/ripples-latest-initiative-may-help-it-boost-enviromental-sustainability\\\/#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2021\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/ripples-latest-initiative-may-help-it-boost-enviromental-sustainability\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/ripples-latest-initiative-may-help-it-boost-enviromental-sustainability\\\/\",\"name\":\"Ripple's latest initiative may help it boost environmental sustainability - AMBCrypto\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/ripples-latest-initiative-may-help-it-boost-enviromental-sustainability\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/ripples-latest-initiative-may-help-it-boost-enviromental-sustainability\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/02\\\/isar-e1549890701622.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-04-09T12:30:51+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-01-29T21:33:26+00:00\",\"description\":\"The surging demand for cryptocurrencies and accelerating adoption of blockchain-based solutions have highlighted a critical issue: the technology's growing energy consumption and its impact on our climate.\u00a0\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/ripples-latest-initiative-may-help-it-boost-enviromental-sustainability\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/ripples-latest-initiative-may-help-it-boost-enviromental-sustainability\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/02\\\/isar-e1549890701622.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/02\\\/isar-e1549890701622.jpg\",\"width\":900,\"height\":600,\"caption\":\"Ethereum [ETH] and Bitcoin [BTC] together stand 45th on the global map of energy consumption levels, says research\"},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"AMBCrypto\",\"description\":\"Stay Ahead!\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/#organization\"},\"alternateName\":\"AMBCrypto News\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"AMBCrypto\",\"alternateName\":\"AMBCrypto News\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/04\\\/amb-wide.jpg\",\"width\":600,\"height\":60,\"caption\":\"AMBCrypto\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/cryptoamb\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/CryptoAmb\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/company\\\/13629485\\\/\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/7710783316829dfc843195d4eafda9e4\",\"name\":\"Shubham Pandey\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/08\\\/Shubham-1-150x150.jpeg\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/08\\\/Shubham-1-150x150.jpeg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/08\\\/Shubham-1-150x150.jpeg\",\"caption\":\"Shubham Pandey\"},\"description\":\"Shubham is a full-time journalist\\\/ Crypto data analyst at AMBCrypto. A Master's graduate in Accounting and Finance, Shubham's writings mainly focus on the cryptocurrency sector with particular emphasis on market research studies and communications for >2 years. Also, a die-hard Chelsea fan #KTBFFH.\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/in\\\/shubham-pandey-acca-022097113\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/https:\\\/\\\/twitter.com\\\/crypto_shubham\"],\"honorificPrefix\":\"Mr \",\"birthDate\":\"1994-12-03\",\"gender\":\"Male\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/ambcrypto.com\\\/author\\\/shubamnew\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Ripple's latest initiative may help it boost environmental sustainability - AMBCrypto","description":"The surging demand for cryptocurrencies and accelerating adoption of blockchain-based solutions have highlighted a critical issue: the technology's growing energy consumption and its impact on our climate.\u00a0","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large"},"canonical":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/ripples-latest-initiative-may-help-it-boost-enviromental-sustainability\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Ripple's latest initiative may help it boost environmental sustainability - AMBCrypto","og_description":"The surging demand for cryptocurrencies and accelerating adoption of blockchain-based solutions have highlighted a critical issue: the technology's","og_url":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/ripples-latest-initiative-may-help-it-boost-enviromental-sustainability\/","og_site_name":"AMBCrypto","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/cryptoamb","article_published_time":"2021-04-09T12:30:51+00:00","article_modified_time":"2024-01-29T21:33:26+00:00","og_image":[{"width":900,"height":600,"url":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/isar-e1549890701622.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Shubham Pandey","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@https:\/\/twitter.com\/crypto_shubham","twitter_site":"@CryptoAmb","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Shubham Pandey","Est. reading time":"2 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"NewsArticle","@id":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/ripples-latest-initiative-may-help-it-boost-enviromental-sustainability\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/ripples-latest-initiative-may-help-it-boost-enviromental-sustainability\/"},"author":{"name":"Shubham Pandey","@id":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/#\/schema\/person\/7710783316829dfc843195d4eafda9e4"},"headline":"Ripple’s latest initiative may help it boost environmental sustainability","datePublished":"2021-04-09T12:30:51+00:00","dateModified":"2024-01-29T21:33:26+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/ripples-latest-initiative-may-help-it-boost-enviromental-sustainability\/"},"wordCount":372,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/ripples-latest-initiative-may-help-it-boost-enviromental-sustainability\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/isar-e1549890701622.jpg","articleSection":["Bitcoin","Ethereum","News","News 1","Ripple"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/ripples-latest-initiative-may-help-it-boost-enviromental-sustainability\/#respond"]}],"copyrightYear":"2021","copyrightHolder":{"@id":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/#organization"}},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/ripples-latest-initiative-may-help-it-boost-enviromental-sustainability\/","url":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/ripples-latest-initiative-may-help-it-boost-enviromental-sustainability\/","name":"Ripple's latest initiative may help it boost environmental sustainability - AMBCrypto","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/ripples-latest-initiative-may-help-it-boost-enviromental-sustainability\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/ripples-latest-initiative-may-help-it-boost-enviromental-sustainability\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/isar-e1549890701622.jpg","datePublished":"2021-04-09T12:30:51+00:00","dateModified":"2024-01-29T21:33:26+00:00","description":"The surging demand for cryptocurrencies and accelerating adoption of blockchain-based solutions have highlighted a critical issue: the technology's growing energy consumption and its impact on our climate.\u00a0","inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/ripples-latest-initiative-may-help-it-boost-enviromental-sustainability\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/ripples-latest-initiative-may-help-it-boost-enviromental-sustainability\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/isar-e1549890701622.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/02\/isar-e1549890701622.jpg","width":900,"height":600,"caption":"Ethereum [ETH] and Bitcoin [BTC] together stand 45th on the global map of energy consumption levels, says research"},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/","name":"AMBCrypto","description":"Stay Ahead!","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/#organization"},"alternateName":"AMBCrypto News","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/#organization","name":"AMBCrypto","alternateName":"AMBCrypto News","url":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/amb-wide.jpg","width":600,"height":60,"caption":"AMBCrypto"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/cryptoamb","https:\/\/x.com\/CryptoAmb","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/13629485\/"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/#\/schema\/person\/7710783316829dfc843195d4eafda9e4","name":"Shubham Pandey","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Shubham-1-150x150.jpeg","url":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Shubham-1-150x150.jpeg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Shubham-1-150x150.jpeg","caption":"Shubham Pandey"},"description":"Shubham is a full-time journalist\/ Crypto data analyst at AMBCrypto. A Master's graduate in Accounting and Finance, Shubham's writings mainly focus on the cryptocurrency sector with particular emphasis on market research studies and communications for >2 years. Also, a die-hard Chelsea fan #KTBFFH.","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/shubham-pandey-acca-022097113","https:\/\/x.com\/https:\/\/twitter.com\/crypto_shubham"],"honorificPrefix":"Mr ","birthDate":"1994-12-03","gender":"Male","url":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/author\/shubamnew\/"}]}},"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/152492","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/68"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=152492"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/152492\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/66484"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=152492"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=152492"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ambcrypto.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=152492"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}